[PHARM-04] Cardiovascular, Renal & Haematological Pharmacology
PHARM-04 • 2. PharmacologyLearning Objectives
Integrate RAAS inhibitors (ACEi, ARBs, ARNI, MRAs), CCBs, Diuretics, and β-blockers into Indian Hypertension (IGH) and Heart Failure (HFrEF) guidelines.; Map nephron site of action and electrolyte shifts of Loop ([3.16] Furosemide, [3.17] Torsemide), Thiazide ([3.18] HCTZ, [3.19] Chlorthalidone, [3.20] Indapamide), and K+-sparing ([3.21] Spironolactone, [3.22] Eplerenone) diuretics.; Compare antiplatelets, anticoagulants ([3.43] Warfarin, [3.44] Enoxaparin, [3.46] Dabigatran, [3.47] Rivaroxaban, [3.48] Apixaban), and fibrinolytics ([3.49] Streptokinase, [3.50] Alteplase, [3.51] Tenecteplase).
Chapter Overview & Core Explanation
Cardiovascular drugs control blood pressure, heart rhythm, fluid volume, and blood clotting through four main levers: relaxing blood vessels, slowing heart workload, removing excess salt and water via the kidneys, and preventing dangerous clots in coronary or cerebral arteries.
Key Exam & Clinical Takeaways
- ACE inhibitors ([3.4] Enalapril, [3.5] Ramipril) and ARBs ([3.6] Telmisartan, [3.7] Losartan) are strictly contraindicated in pregnancy (fetal renal agenesis) and bilateral renal artery stenosis.
- Dry hacking cough and angioedema with ACE inhibitors result from inhibited bradykinin degradation; switching to an ARB ([3.6] Telmisartan) resolves the cough.